Abstract The present work deals with the government regime practiced during the validity of the Chilean Constitution of 1925. It will be shown that the presidential prerogatives established in the constitutional norm were successfully relativized by the National Congress. Through legal reforms, political and legislative practices, and the interpretation of constitutional precepts, dying in relevant terms the form of presidential government until the end of the 1960s. In order to prove this issue, the revision and analysis of both the constitutional norms and doctrines and the main historiographical positions will be used to this period.

Resumen El presente trabajo aborda el régimen de gobierno practicado durante la vigencia de la Constitución chilena de 1925. Se mostrará que las prerrogativas presidenciales establecidas en la norma constitucional fueron relativizadas con éxito por el Congreso Nacional, por medio de reformas legales, prácticas políticas y legislativas, y la interpretación de preceptos constitucionales, morigerando en términos relevantes la forma de gobierno presidencialista hasta finales de la década de 1960. Para probar tal cuestión, se recurrirá a la revisión y análisis tanto de la normativa y doctrina constitucional como de las principales posiciones historiográficas respecto a este periodo.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo aborda la forma de gobierno existente en la Constitución chilena, a la luz del presidencialismo latinoamericano, en cuanto categoría dogmática de derecho comparado. Se pretende probar que el Primer Mandatario cuenta con relevantes contrapesos en la función legislativa, dados por la existencia de leyes orgánicas constitucionales y su posterior control preventivo obligatorio por parte del Tribunal Constitucional que, en definitiva, morigeran el régimen gubernamental chileno. Para probar tal cuestión, se recurrirá al derecho comparado, a la revisión de doctrina nacional, al tiempo que se analizarán sentencias de control preventivo obligatorio de leyes orgánicas constitucionales.

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the form of government existing in the Chilean Constitution, in the light of Latin American presidentialism, as a dogmatic category of comparative law. It is intended to prove that the Chief Executive has significant counterweights in the legislative function, given by the existence of constitutional organic laws and their subsequent mandatory preventive control by the Constitutional Court that, in short, will moderate the Chilean government regime. To prove such a question, we will resort to comparative law, to the revision of national doctrine, while we will analyze judgments of mandatory preventive control of constitutional organic laws.

Abstract: This work focuses on studying the preventive control of the constitutionality of legislation, with the aim of understanding its meaning and scope, given its specificity at a comparative level.It will be demonstrated that although the preventive modality is linked to certain normative designs that transcend the legal-political control of the legislation, jurisdictional practice is decisive to legitimize its existence within the framework of constitutional justice. To prove this question, this control mechanism will be studied in the constitutions of France and Spain, from the normative as well as jurisprudential point of view.

Resumen: El presente trabajo se centra en estudiar el control preventivo de constitucionalidad de la legislación, con el objeto de comprender su sentido y alcance, atendida su particularidad a nivel comparado. Se demostrará que si bien la modalidad preventiva se vincula con determinados diseños normativos que trascienden al control jurídico-político de la legislación, la práctica jurisdiccional es decisiva para legitimar su existencia en el marco de la justicia constitucional. Para probar tal cuestión se estudiará este mecanismo de control en las constituciones de Francia y España, desde el punto de vista de vista normativo como jurisprudencial.

Deleterious effect mediated by glucose degradation, as a parallel pathway to Maillard reaction, was analyzed in terms of the feasibility of inducing photo-crosslinking in isolated bovine crystalline proteins when exposed to ultraviolet A (UVA)-visible light. These experiments showed evidence supporting the generation of a glucose-derived chromophore (GDC). The ability of this chromophore to induce oxidative damage in lens protein and bovine lens epithelial cells (BLEC) was further assessed. The analysis of dityrosine and carbonyl levels in lens proteins irradiated at 5 and 20% O2 indicates the occurrence of mixed type I/type II photosensitizing mechanisms. When BLEC were exposed to photosensitized reactions induced by GDC a decrease in cellular viability and intracellular reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione ratio was observed, as well as an increase in the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Our data suggest a major effect of type I photosensitizing mechanism in both lens proteins photo-oxidation and oxidative stress induced in BLEC.